Έβδομη ιστορία: Plimsoll Line - The International Load Line for Shipping

[Angelos]

ας βαλω ενα ευκολο που θα βρεθει μεχρι την ωρα που θελει να θεσει τα ερωτηματα του ο Νηρεας.

η παρακατω photo ειναι απολυτως χαρακτηριστικη.

Πως ειναι γνωστη αυτη η γραμμουλα, γιατι την λενε ετσι, ποτε ιδρυθηκε, που και τι αντιπροσοπευουν τα 7 σημεια?

ευκολα πραγματα

[ΝΗΡΕΑΣ]

.

Αν και δεν είμαι της δουλειάς, θα πρέπει να είναι κάτι σαν γραμμή φορτώσεως.

Τώρα τι αντιπροσωπεύει καλύτερα ας τα πουν οι ναυπηγοί, ημείς ήμαστε απλοί καραβομαραγκοί.

Αλλά βρε Άγγελε, αυτό το κουίζ μου θυμίζει το "εκτός προγράμματος μια υπέροχη ταινία Μίκυ Μάους"

[Angelos]

ακριβως αυτο ειναι. οχι ομως μικυ μαους μιας και μια υπεροχη ιστορια κρυβεται πισω αυτης της γραμμης.

[ΝΗΡΕΑΣ]

.

Έχει σχέση με το έρμα του πλοίου (κν.σαβούρα)???

[Angelos]

οπως ειπες πριν μιλαμε για φορτωση.

Το ερμα ειναι ενα ειδος φορτιου (ασχετα αν δεν προσφερει κερδος η μεταφορα του (εκτος απο ορισμένες συνθηκες οπου υδροδυναμικως ενα τεραστιο τανκερ εχει μικρότερες αντιστασεις οταν δεν ειναι εντελως αδειο-> καιει κατι λιγοτερο))

[ΝΗΡΕΑΣ]

Plimsoll Line - The International Load Line for Shipping

(a) the Summer load line, shall correspond horizontally with the line passing through the centre of the ring of the load line mark, and shall be marked S;

( the Winter load line, which shall extend forward of the vertical line, and be marked W;

© the Winter North Atlantic load line, which shall extend forward of the vertical line, and be marked WNA;

(d) the Tropical load line, which shall extend forward of the vertical line, and be marked T;

(e) the Fresh Water load line, which shall extend abaft the vertical line, and be marked F; and

(f) the Tropical Fresh Water load line, which shall extend abaft the vertical line and be marked TF.

Και πιό αναλυτικά εδώ

http://www.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1998/98224103.htm

Τώρα τι λένε, ας μας πείς εσύ τα υπόλοιπα. Ημείς αδυνατούμε.

Πάντως είναι η γραμμή φόρτωσης ή load line

[Angelos]

δεν ειναι αυτη η πηγη μου αλλα φυσικα η συγκεκριμενη photo ειναι παντου.

Λειπει ενα σημειο το 1 καθως και οι χρυσες απαντησεις

γιατι την λενε ετσι, ποτε ιδρυθηκε,

εννοοντας οτι η ιστορια απο πισω της ειναι ωραια και μεγάλη

[ΝΗΡΕΑΣ]

.

Χωρίς να το έχω διαβάσει, νομίζω ότι είναι αυτό:

http://www.imo.org/Conventions/mainframe.asp?topic_id=254

Το διαβάζω και επανέρχομαι

[Angelos]

ναι το ειχα δει.

στο δικο μου image εχω σημειωσει και ενα ακομα (το 1) στοιχειο.

Μην ανησυχεις για την σωστη σειρα θα την δωσω εγω στην τελικη απάντηση.

[ΝΗΡΕΑΣ]

Load lines - history

The first seafarers who set to sea in wooden canoes thousands of years ago must have already - perhaps by trial and error - worked out the optimum freeboard for these vessels. Some too, probably discovered that overloading the vessel could have severe consequences.

The first official loading regulations are thought to date back to maritime legislation originating with the island kingdom of Crete in 2,500 BC when vessels were required to pass loading and maintenance inspections.

Roman sea regulations also contained similar regulations.

In the middle ages, the Venetian Republic - which controlled much of the sea trade in the Mediterranean - had laws requiring vessels to be loaded to a maximum depth indicated by a fixed line marked on the side of the hull. Ships from Venice were marked with a cross, while the city of Genoa used three horizontal bars.

Elsewhere, the Hanseatic League, which controlled much of the trade from the Rhine to the eastern and northern Baltic up to the seventeenth century, issued a law in 1288 from the Scandinavian town of Visby, its commercial centre, which required ships to load to a load line or face penalties.

Later, under standard maritime procedures developed for Baltic Sea at a meeting in Copenhagen in 1561, a captain could be fined "for overburdening his ship".

By the seventeenth century, ships were trading on longer voyages to the Far East, India and the Americas and each emerging maritime nation drew up its own maritime regulations. However, specific load line regulations were not passed until the nineteenth century, which saw a huge increase in seagoing trade in raw materials and finished goods as the Industrial Revolution got under way.

But as trade grew, so did the number of ships being lost. Moreover, changing technology -with sails turning to steam and wood being replaced by steel - meant experience in ship design could not always keep pace and sometimes ships were designed with inadequate freeboards.

Lloyd's Rule

The first 19th century loading recommendations were introduced by London-based Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping in 1835, following discussions between shipowners, shippers and underwriters.

Lloyd's Register recommended freeboards as a function of the depth of the hold (three inches per foot of depth) and these recommendations, used extensively until 1880, became known as "Lloyd's Rule".

However, the Rule only applied to ships registered with Lloyd's.

Concern in the United Kingdom about the growing number of ship losses led to the appointment of a Royal committee which in 1836 cited bad design and improper building - but not overloading - as contributory factors to the unseaworthiness of ships.

However, the United Kingdom Government passed a law in 1850 setting up the Marine Department of the board of Trade, to enforce application of laws governing manning, crew competence and operation of merchant vessels.

Nonetheless, seafarers themselves had little say in the safety standards aboard what one captain described as a "coffin ship". In fact, until 1871, it was actually illegal for seafarers to refuse to go to sea, even on the grounds that the ship they were sailing on was unseaworthy. In 1866 four successive crews refused to serve on a ship called the Harkaway on the understandable grounds that even at anchor in a calm sea the ship took on more than one metre of water a day. They were sent to prison.

Plimsoll line

In the 1860s, calls for regulations to limit overloading on ships were growing in the United Kingdom.

A shipowner from northern England, James Hall, was concerned about the impact on insurance rates of the high number of shipping casualties - losses had doubled in 30 years. Although many shipowners were portrayed as irresponsible, Hall could see the benefits - in terms of lower insurance rates - of getting all shipowners to abide by good practices.

In particular, Hall petitioned the Board of Trade to investigate the large number of ship losses and the Board of Trade inquiry found overloading was one of the factors to blame.

Meanwhile, a coal dealer and liberal Member of Parliament, Samuel Plimsoll, took up the load line cause. Plimsoll began a battle to try and get merchant shipping laws reformed - against stiff opposition from a minority of shipowners.

A Royal commission on Unseaworthy Ships was set up in 1872 and finally the United Kingdom Merchant Shipping Act of 1876 made load lines compulsory. The load line mark included in the legislation - though the position of the line was not fixed by law until 1894 - became known as the "Plimsoll Line": a circle with a horizontal line through the middle.

Figures on ship casualties probably helped to goad the British parliamentarians into action: in the year 1873 4, around the coastline of the United Kingdom, 411 ships sank, with the loss of 506 lives. But this figure only covers the United Kingdom coastline: between 1867 and 1882, loss of life in British vessels alone (and excluding fishing vessels) totalled 33,427 seafarers and 5,987 passengers. Ships lost numbered 16,393.

In 1906, laws were passed requiring foreign ships visiting British ports to be marked with a load line, while a German law of 1903 also issued freeboard regulations, spreading the regulatory net further.

In the United States, American vessels were loaded to a formula based on "inches per foot of depth of hold" until 1917 when the U.S. Shipping Board required adherence to British Board of Trade standards based on a set of calculated freeboard tables.

Load line legislation was introduced in the American congress in 1920 and failed, but a Load Line Act was passed in the United States in 1929.

By that time, there was a proliferation of different freeboard rules in use by various marine administrations and classification societies, which meant there was a lack of global standardization.

First International load lines regulations

The first international conference on load line regulations was envisaged for 1913, but the approaching war meant this planned conference was never held.

In 1922, however, the British Chamber of Shipping sponsored a conference, which adopted recommendations derived from studies on existing regulations elsewhere, with a view to eventually adopting them as international regulations.

Further preparatory work by the major maritime nations of the time resulted in an international conference held in London in 1930 - which adopted the first International Load Line Convention.

The rules adopted at the conference were not based on exact scientific principles - but were essentially a compromise between the various national rules which had been developed previously.

http://www.imo.org/Conventions/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1034

Σωστά?

[Angelos]

σωστα.

να συμπληρώσω μόνο ότι στην θέση νούμερο 1 γράφονται τα αρχικά του νηογνώμονα.

και μερικά extra για τον Plimsoll που ουσιαστικά έκανε την καθιέρωση.

The Plimsoll line is the mark on the hull of a ship that shows where the waterline is when the ship is at full capacity.

The official name is the international load line, since the Plimsoll line is an international load

limit standard. It was named after Samuel Plimsoll, who instigated the passage of the

Merchant Shipping Act of 1875, which established the marking of a load line on every cargo

ship. This was to prevent the practice of launching deliberately overloaded "coffin ships",

which were intended to sink so that the owner could collect the insurance money.

για να μην λεω τα νουμερα ιδου τα αρχικα που εδωσε ο Νηρεας σε νωριτερη απαντηση του.

TF - Tropical Fresh Water

F - Fresh Water

T - Tropical Sea Water

S - Summer Sea Water

W - Winter Sea Water

WNA - Winter North Atlantic

Samuel Plimsoll (February 10, 1824 - June 3, 1898) was a British politician and social reformer, now best

remembered for having devised the Plimsoll line.

He was born at Bristol. Leaving school at an early age, he became a clerk, and rose to be manager of a brewery in

Yorkshire. In 1853 he attempted to set up in business in London as a coal merchant. He failed, and was reduced to

destitution. He himself told how for a time he lived in a common lodging-house on 7/2d. a week. Through this

experience he learnt to sympathize with the struggles of the poor; and when his good fortune returned, he resolved to

devote his time to improving their lot. His efforts were directed especially against what were known as

"coffin-ships"--unseaworthy and overloaded vessels, often heavily insured, in which unscrupulous owners were

allowed by the law to risk the lives of their crews. Plimsoll entered parliament as Liberal member for Derby in 1868,

and endeavoured in vain to pass a bill dealing with the subject. In 1872 he published a work entitled Our Seamen,

which made a great impression throughout the country. Accordingly, on Plimsoll's motion in 1873, a royal commission

was appointed, and in 1875 a government bill was introduced, which Plimsoll, though regarding it as inadequate,

resolved to accept.

On July 22, the premier, Benjamin Disraeli, announced that the bill would be dropped. Plimsoll lost his self-control,

applied the term "villains" to members of the house, and shook his fist in the Speaker's face. Disraeli moved that he

be reprimanded, but on the suggestion of Lord Hartington agreed to adjourn the matter for a week to allow Plimsoll

time for reflection. Eventually Plimsoll made an apology. The country, however, shared his view that the bill had been

stifled by the pressure of the shipowners, and popular feeling forced the government to pass a bill, which in the

following year was amended into the Merchant Shipping Act, This gave stringent powers of inspection to the Board of

Trade. The mark that indicates the limit to which a ship may be loaded became generally known as Plimsoll's mark or

line. Plimsoll was re-elected for Derby at the general election of 1880 by a great majority, but gave up his seat to

William Vernon Harcourt, believing that the latter, as home secretary, could advance the sailors' interests more

effectively than any private member. Though offered a seat by thirty constituencies, he did not re-enter the house,

and later became estranged from the Liberal leaders by what he regarded as their breach of faith in neglecting the

question of shipping reform. He held for some years the honorary presidency of the National Sailors' and Firemen's

Union, and drew attention to the horrors of the cattle-ships. Later he visited the United States to try to secure the

adoption of a less bitter tone towards England in the historical textbooks used in American schools. He died at

Folkestone.

This entry was originally from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica .

[ΝΗΡΕΑΣ]

.

Καμμιά φορά αξίζει και η Ιθάκη, όχι μόνο το ταξείδι

Με εξιτάρει πολύ η αναζήτηση και γι' αυτό με εκνευρίζει να μην βάζουν και άλλοι κουίζ

[Angelos]

εχω ενα σχεδον ετοιμο με την διεθνη ιστορια των φάρων αλλα θέλω να το συμαζέψω καθως και να δω καναν αλλο να βάζει. Ασε που δεν προλαβαίνω να σκαναρω.

[polmyt]

Χωρις να θελω να γινω "σπαστικος" αλλα επειδη καποιοι απο εμας μεταξυ των οποιων και εγω δεν τα παμε τοσο καλα με τα Αγγλικα μηπως θα μπορουσε να γινει μια περιληψη και στα Ελληνικα.

Ευχαριστω

[Angelos]

polmyt to diadiktyo 8a mas fwtisei kai pali:

http://www.otenet.gr/

panw panw edw

dipla apo to logo ths Otenet 8a deis mia perioxh pou grafei Φράση-url

ekei bale to url tou site

(http://www.shipfriends.gr/forum/showthread.php?t=319&page=1&pp=10 kai http://www.shipfriends.gr/forum/showthread.php?t=319&page=2&pp=10 antistoixa dhladh gia ka8e selida tou topic autou) kai 8a deis ena poly xontrokomeno alla arketa kalo keimeno sta ellhnika twn parapanw plhroforiwn.

elpizw na boh8hsa